What India's spending patterns say about inclusive growth—and inequality in the country
India's economic narrative, once plagued by assumptions of inherent inequality, is being rewritten by recent household consumption data. Between 2011-12 and 2023-24, real household spending significantly increased across all segments, and inequality markedly narrowed, especially in urban areas. This shift, evidenced by HCES data and falling Gini coefficients, indicates growth and equity are now aligned, not opposing forces. This positive trend stems from broadened growth extending beyond metros and a matured welfare system. India's new challenge is securing the stability of its emerging lower-middle class against economic setbacks, ensuring sustained progress.
LiveMint · Ashish Kumar, Payal Seth · Aug 23, 2026 at 9:31 AM