Historically, countries implemented Malthusian policies to control population, like China's one-child rule, with severe consequences. Now, due to declining fertility rates, many nations, including Indian states, adopt anti-Malthusian, pro-natalist approaches, offering 'baby bonuses' and incentives. However, the author argues these cash incentives are largely ineffective. Instead, workplace protections such as quality infant care, parental leave, and structural cost defrayal like subsidized housing are deemed more successful in boosting birth rates. The shift presents complex economic, political, and societal challenges, particularly concerning women's autonomy and internal migration dynamics, necessitating thoughtful policy design beyond simple bonuses.